Full Transcript Longevity Hallmarks Overview 0:07 The next, circle, 0:09 after life energy is the longevity circle, which is really looking at the 0:13 hallmarks of aging. 0:14 So there were nine published in 2013. 0:17 Another five were added in 2022. 0:20 Now we're up to about 16. 0:21 Some people think there's 22. Some people think there's 30. 0:24 The point is, these are basically processes that occur 0:28 both as a expression of aging.
Aging Drivers and Metabolic Balance 0:31 In other words, telomeres get short. 0:33 That's an expression of aging. 0:35 But then it also becomes a driver of aging. 0:38 It actually accelerates the aging process. 0:40 And so when you actually understand that these are really what's responsible 0:45 for the exponential acceleration in the aging process. 0:49 It makes you start to understand that they need to have an exponential response 0:53 to reverse them. 0:55 And so these hallmarks of aging, whether it's shortening telomeres, 0:59 mitochondrial dysfunction, lack of protein manufacturing, folding and disposal, 1:04 crosslinking of proteins with endogenous 1:07 sugars that happen or exogenous sugars from what we eat. 1:11 The risk of cancer, a lack of DNA repair, alterations in the gut 1:15 microbiome as we age, epigenetic changes that accelerate our aging. 1:20 This balance between mTOR and Ampk, mTOR is really what, 1:24 builds us and makes us strong. 1:26 But if we have too much more, we have more cancer and we die sooner. 1:30 Ampk is what rejuvenates us. 1:32 And and yet, if we have too much Ampk, we're weak and frail.
Inflammation, Biomarkers, and Cellular Damage 1:36 And so it's a teeter totter. 1:38 This is part of the symphony of longevity balancing being on mTOR part of the time. 1:42 And then being on a Ampk side of the equation part of the time. 1:46 And there are more elements here. Inflammation. 1:49 Inflammation is such a big driver of aging, 1:52 and it's because it has so much oxidative stress associated with it. 1:55 Looking at NAD levels, looking at transcriptomics and proteomics, 1:59 this is basically the expression of your genes both in the RNA and the proteins 2:03 that actually tell us what genes are turned on and what genes are turned off. 2:07 This becomes a clue to actually what's happening with us in the aging process. 2:11 And then there are things related to cellular macromolecular damage 2:14 where the cells are damaged. 2:15 You don't have a great way to measure this currently. 2:17 And altered intracellular communication is also will accelerate inflammation. 2:23 And we can measure it that way. 2:24 And then so mechanical properties we don't have a great way 2:27 to look at cell mechanical properties at the moment. 2:30 But there's some really fascinating work being done around 2:32 micro tubules in the cell, that actually relate to consciousness.
Stem Cells, Senescence, and RNA Splicing 2:36 And they're also sort of pathways and highways, if you will, for cells 2:40 to move things around in the cells and actually for cells to divide. 2:44 So that's a very fascinating area of research. 2:47 And then stem cells, we know how important stem cells are to rejuvenate ourselves. 2:51 And we may have a limited supply of those. 2:53 And how do we actually keep from depleting that supply. 2:56 We'll talk about that in this conference as well. 2:59 And then the senescent cell burn. 3:00 Senescent cells are essentially old cells that no longer work. 3:04 They still take up space and they can become sources 3:08 of secretions of inflammatory cytokines. 3:11 So in other words, they're fanning the flames of, of, 3:14 aging by increasing inflammation. 3:17 In doing so, not only do they take up space, 3:21 but when they start to excrete these inflammatory cytokines, 3:25 they're actually recruiting normal cells that also become senescent. 3:28 And this becomes part of the exponential acceleration in aging also. 3:33 And then messenger RNA splicing dysregulation. 3:36 So when a protein is coded for on a gene, 3:39 RNA will come in and code along that DNA and then come off the DNA. 3:44 Now that RNA this segment over here is part of the protein. 3:47 This segment here is part of the protein. This segment over here is part of the.
Immune Aging and Applied Longevity 3:53 Part of the protein. 3:54 And put it back all together. 3:56 That's how you actually get it. 3:57 So when there's splicing dysregulation when you're splicing these together 4:01 it can lead to faulty protein production. 4:03 And this is now seen to be a hallmark of aging. 4:06 And then the immune system. 4:07 This is a massive one when the immune system becomes senescent. 4:10 Short telomeres will do this increase inflammation. 4:13 And senescent cells will do this. 4:15 But when the immune system is no longer useful, it can no longer fight off, 4:20 a virus like Covid, and it can no longer detect a cancer cell and, 4:24 kill it off, and it can no longer prune senescent cells from the body, 4:28 all of which are incredibly important for staying useful. 4:31 So these are all needs to be looked at. 4:33 And these are things that are applied longevity. 4:35 We deconstruct everything around us that we possibly can to understand 4:39 not only where somebody is in the aging process, but then also 4:42 how do we actually take them forward towards this youthful 30 year old body?
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